Researchers from Swansea and Deakin Universities have discovered that marine mammals, birds, and reptiles tend to swim at similar relative depths when traveling, which helps them conserve energy. Dr Kimberley Stokes, Professor Graeme Hays, and Dr Nicole Esteban led a collaborative study across six institutes in five countries, examining the swimming depths of various species, including sea turtles, penguins, and whales.

The study found that these animals typically swim at depths around three times their body length, a strategy that minimizes wave formation at the surface and reduces the vertical distance they travel. This depth allows them to maintain energy efficiency during long-distance travel when they are not feeding.

While some semi-aquatic animals, like mink, swim at the surface where wave formation creates energy waste, marine birds, mammals, and reptiles that undertake long migrations have evolved to minimize the energetic cost of travel.

It has long been understood that drag from wave creation decreases when an object moves deeper than three times its diameter, but tracking the swim depths of wild animals has been challenging due to technological limitations. In this study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), researchers were able to measure near-surface swim depths to within 1.5 centimeters using animal-borne cameras, motion data, and video footage. This data was then compared with satellite tracking information from long-distance migrations of green turtles and previous studies on penguins and whales.

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The results showed that these animals swim at the optimal depths predicted by physics when traveling, either during their daily commute to foraging areas or while migrating over long distances without feeding.

Dr Kimberley Stokes, the study's lead author, said, "While animal swim depth is often influenced by factors like searching for prey, we were excited to find that all non-foraging air-breathing marine animals followed the predicted swimming depth pattern. This was a rare finding, as collecting depth data from long-distance migratory animals is difficult, so it was thrilling to see a common relationship between swim depth and body size across animals ranging from 30 cm to about 20 m in length."